- (yn)(f);ch ]ȣ
- P(gun)]
(yn)(f);ch
> r(sh)(yn)(f)ڌo?jin)_U|Ӣr(sh)cٲͬ(sh)dc(gu)£ͬٲĻձܮ(dng)ֵpR(sh)W(xu)ɴáձġࡱM܇(yn)(f)YԺhT܊f(xi)y(tng)ͽ̓o(sh)(qun)δMšcϻ؇(gu)БѲŲ֮(yn)(f)(gu)c״漴ԺʼK˻h£@һչL(zhng)ͬr(sh)(yn)(f)ͬ?jin)ָ(jin)?f)(jng)(gu)֮ţȇ(gu)֮־r(sh)ɶ^mՓȻߺ(zh)TᔴĿ֮(yn)(f)J(rn)顰֮H(f)ͬҲ[1]ϿҊ(yn)(f)@ԼѲŲδ峯;_J(rn)R(sh)еԭU(yn)(f)֮·˼֮о(yn)(f)ɻرܵһ(g)}L(zhng)ԁҊҊǣfľĂ(g)M(jn)Uڌ(du)@(g)}J(rn)R(sh)һ(yn)(f)cٲIJͬһ(g)Ҫ^ԭՃɇ(gu)ν(jng)(j)ͬ(g)Ǖr(sh)Įa(chn)˲ųL(zhng)ܵ̎(hu)lƼs
19o(j)ν(jng)(j)ֻڅ(sh)@һYxЏ(qing)ӾoԔU(ku)һ汻ȡ܄^DՃɇ(gu)һˮ(dng)r(sh)ǰ⽨ֳصć(gu)ͬӇ(gu)(sh)˥Yx(gu)ҵɇ(gu)ͬr(sh)_ʼW(xu)(x)D(qing)ԾЇ(gu)d(w)\(yn)(dng)ձt_չξSЧȻͬ1868dձYa(chn)A(j)(lin)һYxAĵط܊yl(f)(dng)һ϶µYa(chn)A(j)ĸξS£ʞĵطYa(chn)A(j)(lin)(qun)18671868ĻƷ1885ꌍ(sh)Ѓ(ni)wƣ1889ƶ1890_һÇ(gu)(hu)ǰ22r(sh)gYx|(zh)ƶ^ľƶȡg韸،(sh)ʩȫ֮ЧĸĸʩU⽨I(lng)ƣZfy(tng)A(j)ؙ(qun)(sh)F(xin)ʽϵƽȣ얹ʞ(qun)ͬr(sh)W(xu)(x){(dio)(jng)(j)Yx̘I(y)eOl(f)չYx(jng)(j)С_ߣl(f)չB(yng)YxO(sh)˲@@Ȼٲĵ˱õһ(g)^(hu)lҲ;l(f)չһ(g)vʷC(j)
fƬ(zhn)(zhng)Ї(gu)S⽨ֳ(hu)(gu)YxԺͱ(gu)⽨xĸy(tng)ʹЇ(gu)eؚe(zi)y(gu)(sh)Σ牾ѡR(sh)֮ʿĪĽO̽D·BɅsȱ(du)S׃dk(w)I(y)19o(j)6070(w)ɹłֻ֪W(xu)(x)Ĵ(jin)څ֮g(sh)Ļĸ80Ҳ@Nĸ©ľ֧VBһA׃첻֪[2](P28)ΣC(j)ĸ֮Ȼǡǰʥƶȡֵ֧ďUeҲHHͣ˽hՓҹ_Ωֱx⽨֮ƶȡJ(rn)Ї(gu)ƶ֮(d)fܼ[3](P9)ڡҹԴ͂y(tng)ªҊ֪ձƾwm߀fYa(chn)A(j)ƶ׃?yu)ҪYa(chn)A(j)ę(qun)C(j)(gu)Ї(gu)ķ⽨ƶM(jn)öЇ(gu)ƶ(jng)(j)ҲȻ(zhn)(zhng)r(sh)Ї(gu)ĹVI(y)ֻ100Y~3032fyA[4](P338)Yx(jng)(j)Y(ji)(gu)I(y)C(j)a(chn)]д_܉Mr(sh)l(f)չҪc(dng)r(sh)Ї(gu)ν(jng)(j)P(gun)˲ʹ÷棬Ҳʮֻӹ峯u÷⽨(hu)˹ȡʿĿeƶdǻg(sh)֡ʹo˲š[5](P40)(jng)^˹ɿexõˆTDzϕr(sh)˵M(jn)و(chng)PëǡεسҪTһղʢѵ(w)ţԷǿeM(jn)(zhn)̫ƽ(gu)r(nng)\(yn)(dng)ġdmȻ19o(j)ĩ꣬WL(fng)ѴM(jn)ϵЇ(gu)Ԉ(jin)֡wáO⽨ƽy(tng)@NĿijl(f)xˣмȶȡ(bio)(zhn)á^fԒΨΨZZūðСRͶC(j)o(h)ѹ֬ĸ(w)˲Ҳ@Nꐸª(x)@ضĚvʷh(hun)(yn)(f)ǰ;Ȼ
(yn)(f)mȻW(xu)؞ĿJЪ(d)صĂ(g)˃(yu)(sh)Ǜ]Џ(qing)ġοɽΨHĩ(hu)ɞ;yԽϵK
峯u2000ķ⽨ƽy(tng)Իʵ۞ĵķ⽨x뼯(qun)£Ŀ֪hC(j)P(gun)ֱָL(fng)C(j)(gu)ӷ[{u(qun)XסP(gun)ϵW(wng)ĸF(xin)ձ]СοɽtyƽƵٕx
(yn)(f)ڸL(fng)֮fƬ(zhn)(zhng)ݱٞ顰ͨ̿ڰ֮һ挦(du)Ļ(jng)(j)˳ě_ݴW(xu)Ї(gu)܊İl(f)غƼ˲ŵB(yng)y(tng)ĻͽȻƌW(xu)g(sh)֪R(sh)ղһ۲ŵijL(zhng)˺(sh)ĻA(ch)(yn)(f)r(sh)ڣȰl(f)˾ȇ(gu)(qing)ıؓ(f)1866궬ݴW(xu)(yn)(f)Եһă(yu)ɿ(j)ȡ1877(yn)ֵԸݴW(xu)Ã(yu)ĮI(y);һ(sh)`҇(gu)һӢ(gu)W(xu)M(jn)ĺ܊W(xu)Ӣ(gu)W(xu)g(yn)(f)˽܊Ƽ֪R(sh)xYa(chn)A(j)(jng)(j)܌W(xu)Ļ뿼Ӣ(hu)W(xu)fƶһֱõһvӢʹԠcğP(gun)ԠcʮpR(sh)(yn)(f)ԽҊR(sh)ͽܳAJ(rn)(yn)(f)Ǵ֮o˴˽(jng)HнՄԠcӢ^Lr(sh)Ո(qng)(yn)(f)SV(yn)(f)ҊR(sh)@λvӢʹR(bo)Ӣ(gu)W(xu)W(xu)(x)rr(sh)eᵽ(yn)(f)ġR(sh)⡱W(xu)h(yun)ģһ(sh)ģ(w)Ԅ[6]ǹԠc]]õҕ?yn)?w)˼볬ǰԼòՄό(du)(yn)(f);l(f)չЛQԵĎ(yn)(f)؇(gu)r(sh)ͬl(xing)?q)E̎ڃɽ@յλ(yn)(f)ܵ?q)Ee]Ξ鸣ݴW(xu)ý(x)ϧͬ궬?q)E(yn)(f)ʧȥһ(g)ɽֻڸݴW(xu)ý(x)(w)
˼볬ǰҊһ@ĩ(yn)(f);δ(w)õҪԭ
(yn)(f)Ӣ(gu)W(xu)ɻؚwMѾȇ(gu)ď(qing)Ըʸ־ŬЧ峯⽨ƽy(tng)µfЇ(gu)峯(qun)Bɵָ(do)˼ǡ첻׃ز׃׃֮׃(w)ɵָ(do)˼ǡЌW(xu)wW(xu)áǾS¸ĸ·ϵϵKc(yn)(f)(qing){(dio)ġɞwáYa(chn)A(j)˼(du)mȻ1880굽1900(yn)(f)ˮW(xu)(sh)_L(fng)֮ȣЇ(gu)֮ơ[7](P15)l(f)չˮW(xu)ڵĄڄ(dng)Ȼ1894B莧ȡáx֪Yߪ顰xõT;l(f)չcȥh(yun)˾¸͛]М(zhn)䌦(du)á(yn)(f)(du)ҲһxA(y)C(j)Ҫѡ[8](P1541)߀(jng)hՓ(w)ڽoõ^ЃA¿飺ǰgןoһ¿و(chng)L(fng)ƈܷwϢӰ֏]帣ҲԁԺTmooãһ˳⣬ʩڮ(dng)r(sh)و(chng)(x)ӣ˲١횵Ã(ni)TRнΣXn(yng)Vͨ⡣քtߟoһֺι˻֮_(d)֮Ҳ[9](P731)
(yn)(f)Ŀî(dng)r(sh)ĺڰy(tng)κ(w)ΨHֲhƬW(xu)(x)Ļеdzn](jng)(du)fʮ귪ұMQţò30Ї(gu)Ҫţһ(gu)ˠߣ֪伤֮Ҳ[10](P9)1893з(zhn)(zhng)l(f)Ї(gu)܊(du)̵r scˮZӆˡ(jin)l(gu)ˑŭϕҪ(yn)µׅf(xi)О飬¡ɼɡ(yn)(f)c(yn)(f)ࡰ衱[8](P1541)ڵò˾;{(dio)a(b)ȱo(yn)(f)Ї@ʮٓ?xing)nЃѱl֪[11](P181)(yn)(f)߀΅ӿeԇڡһeȻ@λAMW(xu)18851894Bm(x)4΅l(xing)ԇom(yng)峯ꐸĿeԇһδOɽKڒͨ^e(sh)F(xin)ȇ(gu)D(qing)Ļ
ġ(yn)(f)W(xu)(g)Ծ(qing)ư(du)ڡ;Ҳoؓ(f)Ӱ
(yn)(f)W(xu)R(sh)YH߲⣬H~ĹPϬҡÞƫ(d)֮ՓUl(f)ȺĸҊČW(xu)fƟoָ؟(z)֮̎(yn)(f)J(rn)@ǡߺѡ?w)߸⡱?do)µĆ}?yn)Sh(yun)ҊR(sh)δm(yng)So(h)fƶȵĹ͵ҪҲδγ(hu)R(sh)r(sh)ܵzHип̹ԣƽI(xin)뾡[9](P586)ڇ(yn)(f)W(xu)Ӣ(gu)gԠc(du)(yn)(f)IJAͬr(sh)Ҳ(yn)(f)pʢĂ(g)ԣ]fŷ̫֮ס[6]ԠcӢʹo(j)Ҳ(yn)(f)顰揈˹Ԡcؓ(f)̫ʢK?z)oȻҲ[6]@ӳˇ(yn)(f)Ă(g)1880S(w)\(yn)(dng)l(f)չҪ{(dio)(w)˲(yn)(f)(jng)ͬl(xing)ꐌ]QٝR(sh)bͨYʡµע{(dio)Ξ鱱W(xu)ÿ(x)Lʾ(zh)QӣмҲ(yn)(f)]г]ٝµġwáM܇(yn)(f)ŬչʾԼIJAwʮ꣨1889꣩²Ō9ˮW(xu)ÿ(x)x(hu)kУL(zhng)ڶx鿂kУL(zhng)(yn)(f)]ٌ(du)څ(du)(yn)(f)ġΡҲH˞ֹ(yn)(f)Ÿ־h(yun)ڰУ@ڿ^ҲӰĂ(g);l(f)չ(yn)(f)]?yn)M(jn)ԲEǡǡ෴Kڒ(g)M(jn)Ļڼ(zhn)(zhng)ӊ^̽ȇ(gu)ȂM(jn)ՓM(jn)˼Ļч(gu)˱Nԏ(qing)׃D棬Լߵr(ji)ֵĶɞЇ(gu)ܳĆ˼ҡgҺͽ
ϿҊ(hu)D(zhun)͕r(sh)ڵĚvʷijL(zhng)ؕI(xin)c(hu)h(hun)ǾoP(gun)ġ19o(j)ĩgՓ(ni)Ć˼҇(yn)(f)cͶξS¡HձٲǮ(dng)r(sh)(hu)vʷD(zhun)͕r(sh)ڵҪ˴˶d(gu)ĺDԸȻ̎ͬć(gu)Һ(hu)ς(g)|(zh)صӰ;н(jng)v˲ͬʡĚvʷ˼ԵԲe(gu)d˲Ō(du)(gu)ʢ˥dP(gun)Ҫ1898(yn)(f)ڡ(gu)(bo)ָ˲ߣ(gu)֮EҲo˲ńt^(bio)֮νԲСMϻʵە[5](P66)˲ŵijL(zhng)Ͱl(f)ܵ̎(hu)ƶȵļsõ(hu)h(hun)˲ӵ(hu)h(hun)t(hu)]˲ֻЄ(chung)߂õ˲Űl(f)չ^lm(yng)(hu)vʷl(f)չijܸõİl(f)](g)˵ã(bo)Ч(gu)츣ˣץסvʷl(f)չC(j)ҕB(yng)Ͱl(f)]˲ŵãƄ(dng)vʷl(f)չһ(g)}
ոڣ2002-04-17
īI(xin)
[1]d.(yn)(f)ϼ5[M]._(ti)(lin)(jng)湫˾1998.
[2].ҹȫ39[M].
[3]IkĄ(w)ʼĩͬγ25[M].
[4]Sݷh.Ї(gu)(jng)(j)ʷՓļ[M].
[5]訬پ.(yn)(f)һ(c)[M].A1986.
[6]Ԡc.cӛ[M].´磬1984.
[7]wҪ5(c)7[M].
[8]ꐌ.Y܊f(xi)y(tng)(yn)ȺĹ־[M].訬پ.(yn)(f)5(c)[M].A1986.
[9]訬پ.(yn)(f)3(c)[M].
[10]᳣.(yn)V[M].
[11](yn)(f).(yn)(f)Ԋxꐃ(c)uw}[M].ČW(xu)磬1959.
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