培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力
Brainstorming這種外語教學(xué)中常用的教學(xué)技巧可直譯為“頭腦風(fēng)暴法”。頭腦風(fēng)暴法又稱智力激勵(lì)法,是由美國(guó)創(chuàng)造學(xué)家A.F.奧斯本于1939年首次提出、1953午正式發(fā)表的一種激發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維的方法。頭腦風(fēng)暴法是一種通過小型會(huì)議的組織形式,讓所有參加者在自由、愉快、暢所欲言的氣氛中自由交換觀點(diǎn),并以此誘發(fā)集體智慧,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)者創(chuàng)意與靈感的學(xué)習(xí)方法。顧名思義,使用Brainstorming這種技巧的目的是為了集中給學(xué)生一個(gè)想象和思考的……一、Brainstorming活動(dòng)的意義
1.Brainstorming能幫助學(xué)生成為成功的學(xué)習(xí)者。
Rubin和Thompson曾對(duì)成功的學(xué)習(xí)者做過研究,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些人都具備以下幾種素質(zhì):
1)對(duì)語言信息的組織能力
成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者具有對(duì)所學(xué)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行組織與整合的能力。教師精心設(shè)計(jì)的課前“熱身活動(dòng)”能夠調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),并把他們的注意力引導(dǎo)到將要學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容上來,從而在新舊知識(shí)之間建立一種聯(lián)系。每個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)者都有自己獨(dú)特的整合知識(shí)的方法,然而相當(dāng)一些“熱身活動(dòng)”的語言的組織與學(xué)生頭腦中語言的組織是不一樣的,這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的成功起了阻礙的作用。Brainstorming可以幫助學(xué)生組織他們頭腦中自己的語言,幫助學(xué)生從語言上和內(nèi)容上對(duì)所要寫的題目作好充分和必要的準(zhǔn)備。
2)自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力
成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者具有自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。Brainstorming提倡教師指導(dǎo)下的以學(xué)生為中心的學(xué)習(xí),注重激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,幫助學(xué)生形成學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī),并創(chuàng)設(shè)符合教學(xué)內(nèi)容要求的情境和提示新舊知識(shí)之間聯(lián)系的線索,從而為學(xué)生自主完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)提供多種可選擇的資源。Brainstorming還提倡協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí),通過討論與交流引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律和加深其對(duì)所學(xué)內(nèi)容的理解。
3)在學(xué)習(xí)上大膽進(jìn)行明智的猜測(cè)
成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者不怕在學(xué)習(xí)中出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,認(rèn)為出錯(cuò)是語言學(xué)習(xí)過程中的基本組成部分之一,通過錯(cuò)誤可以發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)并加以改善。因此,語誤是學(xué)習(xí)過程中的必然特征。學(xué)習(xí)者在長(zhǎng)期與真實(shí)語言的接觸中,會(huì)逐漸地用正確的形式代替不正確的形式,養(yǎng)成正確運(yùn)用語言形式的習(xí)慣。在Brainstorming階段不以對(duì)或錯(cuò)評(píng)判學(xué)生的觀點(diǎn)。因此,Brainstorming可以降低學(xué)生的焦慮程度,使學(xué)生有充分的想象空間和充分發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)和見解的機(jī)會(huì),并能由此獲得一種成就感,增強(qiáng)其學(xué)習(xí)的信心。
4)利用情境理解所學(xué)知識(shí)
成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者善于利用情境理解學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,但是外語課堂教學(xué)往往缺少真實(shí)的語境,Brainstorming可使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)把已有的相關(guān)知識(shí)(內(nèi)容圖式)從記憶中提取出來,為理解知識(shí)創(chuàng)造所需要的語境。
二、Brainstorming的組織形式
Brainstorming可以按以下組織形式進(jìn)行:
1.個(gè)人思考。
2.成對(duì)或小組活動(dòng)。
3.全班討論。教師把全班學(xué)生的想法(最好以短語或詞組的形式)寫在黑板上。
4.全班進(jìn)一步討論。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)提出的想法進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)、評(píng)論、比較、對(duì)比、重組和歸類,選出最重要的或最有代表性的觀點(diǎn)。
5.個(gè)人進(jìn)行寫作。
1)個(gè)人思考
寫作是表達(dá)思想的一種手段,好的文章來自于高質(zhì)量的思考。在小組活動(dòng)之前,教師應(yīng)給學(xué)生大約3~5分鐘的時(shí)間對(duì)所要討論的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考。在這幾分鐘內(nèi),新鮮的想法或早巳儲(chǔ)存在學(xué)生頭腦中的圖式被激活;但是這些想法還只是無序的“原材料”,需要在小組以及全班討論中進(jìn)行加工。
2)成對(duì)或小組活動(dòng)
成對(duì)活動(dòng)通常是同桌活動(dòng)。在這種形式的活動(dòng)中,學(xué)生之間互相啟發(fā),把雙方的想法清晰化和條理化,并用英語口頭表述出來,或用紙、筆記錄下來。教師此時(shí)的任務(wù)是為學(xué)生提供及時(shí)的指導(dǎo)和幫助。教師也可以參與個(gè)別需要幫助的小組的討論。
3)全班活動(dòng)
教師引導(dǎo)和鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極參與討論,并把每個(gè)學(xué)生或小組的發(fā)言要點(diǎn)寫在黑板上。如果有的學(xué)生用英語表述某個(gè)想法時(shí)感到困難,可以允許其先說出中文,然后向全班同學(xué)或老師求助。如果某個(gè)想法遇到了挑戰(zhàn),也要允許學(xué)生對(duì)修正這一想法提出新的觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)于表述不清楚或過于概括的想法,教師可要求提出者加以解釋。例如下面的教學(xué)片段:
S[,1]:I think wearing school uniform can save money。
S[,2]:What do you mean by"saving money"?
S[,3]:If students don't wear school uniforms,they have to buy a variety of clothes.So,school uniforms cost less.
全班學(xué)生進(jìn)行Brainstorming之后,教師可以讓學(xué)生個(gè)人或以小組為單位選擇其認(rèn)為最重要的若干信息。為了活躍課堂氣氛,教師也可以采取讓學(xué)生舉手表決的形式,在多數(shù)人同意的觀點(diǎn)旁做記號(hào),然后把這些想法歸類。為了幫助學(xué)生寫作,教師應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生把歸納出的短語擴(kuò)展成句子。
三、使用Brainstorming技巧應(yīng)遵循的原則
1.尊重每個(gè)學(xué)生的意見,列出所有學(xué)生提出的想法;不隨意批評(píng)別人的建議,不要打斷別人的發(fā)言;發(fā)表見解要簡(jiǎn)單明了,一次發(fā)言只談一種見解。
2.要學(xué)會(huì)傾聽,不要私下交談,以免分散注意力。
3.小組成員互相補(bǔ)充和擴(kuò)展,改進(jìn)并完善他人的意見。
4.鼓勵(lì)比較內(nèi)向或平時(shí)不愛發(fā)育的學(xué)生發(fā)表意見。
5.鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生提出各種想法,特別是與眾不同的想法。在這個(gè)階段,建議和意見的數(shù)量比質(zhì)量更重要。
6.鼓勵(lì)善于利用別人的靈感豐富自己的想象。
四、Brainstorming的應(yīng)用實(shí)例
例1:圍繞話題"Student should wear school uniforms."進(jìn)行Brainstorming。教師(或指定的學(xué)生)按照學(xué)生的發(fā)言順序在黑板的一側(cè)記下學(xué)生的想法。這時(shí)可不必過多地考慮板書的規(guī)整。以下是全班討論時(shí)的板書內(nèi)容:
"Reasons for wearing school uniforms"
Ioose and big,good for playing sports,easy to recognize,proud to represent one's school,easy for school to manage when having activities with other schools or going outside,can be seen by drivers in crossing the street,help remember they are students,save money,don't have to think what to wear,pay more attention to studies,school campus looks tidier,everyone is the same.
教師把學(xué)生討論后形成的統(tǒng)一意見寫在黑板的另一側(cè)。
附圖
例2:圍繞話題"Keeping pets”進(jìn)行Brainstorming。教師可通過下列問題對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)。例如:
Do you have any pets?
What kind of pets do you have?
Why do you like to keep...?
What kinds of pets do people keep?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping pets?
教師將分類結(jié)果以Cluster的形式通過板書或投影的呈現(xiàn)出來。
附圖
下面是一名高一學(xué)生根據(jù)以下語言素材寫的一段話:
I like to keep cats as pet.I used to have a cat.Everyday I played with the cat when my parents were at work.Wherever andwhenever I went,I would bring the cat with me.We were really good friends.But now I don't have any of them any more.I gave my cat to my neighbour,because I'm very busy with me.We were really good friends.But not I don't have any of them any more.I gave my cat to my neighbour,because I'm very busy with my studies.Keeping the cat took too much time and attention from me.If I had some time in the future,I surely would keep a cat again.
例3:圍繞話題:"Television has always had bad influence on society,do you agree?"進(jìn)行Brainstorming教師在黑板上列兩欄:"Reasons for watching television"和"Reasons against watching television",然后引導(dǎo)全班進(jìn)行討論。
Reasons for watching television:
make life more interesting,get to know more about other countries,enjoy beautiful scenery around the world,keep people better informed,educational value, provided with entertainment and relaxation by interesting programmes,learn skills,learn foreign languages,tele-shopping,learn how to cook,learn farming methods,watch favourite films,learn school  
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;subjects
Reasons against watching television:
lower motivation in studies; damage eyesight; make people lazy;don't want to do housework; unhealthy programmes such as vi.olence,sex or murder for children;misleading TV commercials;children learn how to fight or make girl friends and boy friends at an early age; harm people's health.
教師也可以用Spider map的形式列出學(xué)生提出的所有想法(見下圖):
附圖
然后教師可以歸納學(xué)生的討論結(jié)果,并通過表格的形式展示出來。(見下表)
Advantages of Watching Television
Entertainment Education Information
favourite films foreign languages
interesting school courses news
programmes skill training around
etc. (cooking,farming) the world,
etc. etc.
下面是Brainstorming之后一個(gè)學(xué)生寫出的短文:
Television is considered to be one of the greatest inventions of the last century.As I can remember,the word "television",comes from two words --"tele" and "vision",which means "far"and"see".So television is an appliance that can help us see far.Infact,television has played an important part in modern society since its invention.It makes the world smaller, as we can beinformed of what is happening around the world.It entertains us with different kinds of programmes,lt also helps us learn.Some people even believe that our society cannot advance without television.
As every coin has two sides,television also causes some problems。 The first one is a health problem.We often call those who watch TV too much"couch potatoes" because they watch Tv for too long and always eat while watching,which makes them puton weight easily.Their lack of exercises may also cause other diseases.Secondly,watching too much TV is a waste of time.No matter whether you are a teacher,a student or an office clerk,or even a housewife,you may always have something more important to do.But if you are "addicted" to waching TV,you are likely to neglect other things.What's more,some television programmes have a bad influence on teenagers.Not all programmes on TV are good or suitable for children. Some of them make matters worse,because children may imitate what they have seen on TV.That's one of the reasons why there are so many school shootings or cases of robbery in the USA.
In my opinion, though television does have some bad influence on society,it is still a useful tool in our daily life.The most important thing is our attitude towards it:We can wach TV to get information or entertain ourselves,but we shouldn't spend too much time on it.Children should also be allowed to watch TV,but they must be given necessary; guidance about whatto watch and how long to watch every day.If used well,television will become our reliable friend and will be beneficial to thedevelopment of our society.
Brainstorming重視寫前的行為指導(dǎo)和行為矯正,能使寫的行為配合“想”的過程,并把“想”的成果體現(xiàn)在紙上。實(shí)踐證明,這種寫的準(zhǔn)備性程序的訓(xùn)練是有效的,對(duì)提高學(xué)生的整體語言素質(zhì)和培養(yǎng)其寫作的能力也是必要的。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
1 Brown,H.D.1994.Teaching by Principles.Prentice Hall.
2 何克抗:“建構(gòu)主義——革新傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)”,《電化教育研究》,1997年。
3 Arthur,B.1998.Beginning to Write.Cambridge University Press
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