Unit 21 Karl Marx

教學(xué)目標(biāo)

知識(shí)目標(biāo)

一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)與目標(biāo)

　　通過(guò)本單元教學(xué)，使學(xué)生進(jìn)一步掌握過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法，并復(fù)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)馬克思如何學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)來(lái)了解外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重要性及這位偉人的科學(xué)精神。

二、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)

　　l．重點(diǎn)詞匯 force; rapid; praise; encourage; have a talk with; come across; make progress; before long; move on; keep on (doing something); translate. . . into. . .

　　2．重要句型 1) In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. 2) He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 3) His English was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. 4) He found it important to study the situation in Russia.

　　3．語(yǔ)法掌握過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法；復(fù)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)：1) Marx had learnt some English before he got to England. 2) After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 3) When all his money had gone, Marx had to leave his house in London.

　　4．日常交際用語(yǔ)談?wù)撜Z(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)（Talking about language study）：

　　1) How are you getting on with your English lessons? 2) My grammar is improving, but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 3) Which do you find easiest/most difficult—listening, speaking, reading or writing? 4) If you have a problem with. . . , you should . . .

能力知識(shí)

　　1．掌握本單元的重點(diǎn)詞匯、詞組和句型，并能寫(xiě)一篇描寫(xiě)人物的短文。

　　2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。

德育目標(biāo)

　　通過(guò)本單元的學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到馬克思的一生是偉大的一生，要向馬克思學(xué)習(xí)，從小樹(shù)立遠(yuǎn)大的理想；用馬克思學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)的精神來(lái)感染學(xué)生，從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生克服困難的頑強(qiáng)意志和毅力。更值得我們每一個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)的是他的那種“活到老，學(xué)到老”的美德。

 

教學(xué)建議

課文分析

　　本單元閱讀通過(guò)馬克思學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)一事來(lái)說(shuō)明外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重要性，其中介紹了一些有關(guān)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的方法，都可以供作借鑒。分為三部分：

　　Part 1 (Paragraph 1) Brief introduction to Karl Marx before the year 1849, in which year he made London the base for his revolutionary work

　　Part 2 (Paragraphs 2-5) Marx's success in learning English and Russian and his advice on how to learn a foreign language

　　Part 3 (Paragraphs 6-8) Marx and Engels started a new programme called “Communism”.

卡爾·馬克思的生平以時(shí)間為順序列表如下：

In 1818

was born in Germany

as a young man

was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons; went to Belgium and France.

in April 1841

received his doctor’s degree

in 1849

went to England; made London the base for his revolutionary work

later

started working hard to improve his English; made rapid progress

in 1853

wrote articles in English; was praised; was encouraged; was not sure about two things

later

kept on studying and using English

in the 1870s

began to learn Russian; read articles and reports in Russian

對(duì)話建議

　　1.教師可采取口語(yǔ)對(duì)比形式，詞匯分析來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)本對(duì)話。如：catch a cold與have a cold區(qū)別，cut down與cut up區(qū)別。　2.教師把本對(duì)話按一個(gè)聽(tīng)力課形式給學(xué)生播放。

　　教師讓學(xué)生大聲朗讀對(duì)話，兩個(gè)人一組，使學(xué)生有互相交流的機(jī)會(huì)。然后看視頻，教師提問(wèn)，練習(xí)等。

　　3.教師給學(xué)生寫(xiě)出how to learn English，組織幾個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)行對(duì)話交流。如：

　　A:I find English is difficult to learn, how do you think of that?

　　B: That’s right.

　　A. Do you have some good ideas to learn it ?

　　B: I often learn from the ways of some of people ,you should listening, speaking, reading ,writing or practicing?

　　A: Really?

本單元教學(xué)建議

　　Lesson 81

　　1. Practise the dialogue in pairs.

　　2. Have a discussion in groups about English studies, 

　　Lesson 82

　　1. Talk about the picture to say sth. about Karl Marx.

　　2. Answer the questions in workbook L. 82, part 1.

　　3. Recite the text.

　　Lesson 83

　　1. Recite the text one paragraph after another.

　　2. Read the second part of the text quickly and try to find the answer to this question:

What did Marx write together with Engels during 1840s?

　　Lesson 84

　　After finishing the listening test, ask the students to say something about Chinese great person and write it down after class.

詞匯理解

　　before long, long before

　　before long表示“不久”，相當(dāng)于soon，是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，可用在過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子中。

　　long before表示“很久以前”“在……以前很久”，可用于過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的句子中。before 可以是副詞、介詞、連詞。要注意“It is not long before+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的not long before表示“不久……”。

　　She said she had seen the film long before. 她說(shuō)她很久以前就看過(guò)這部電影。

　　I'll see the film before long 我不久就要看這部電影。

　　fast, quick, rapid

　　這三個(gè)詞都可作“快”解。

　　fast多指運(yùn)動(dòng)著的人或物體，本身具有高速度的特點(diǎn)。

　　quick一般用于指迅速的、一瞬間的或短暫的動(dòng)作與反應(yīng)，側(cè)重“匆忙”的含義，不強(qiáng)調(diào)速度。

rapid常與fast相互換用，但側(cè)重動(dòng)作本身，有急促的含義，它所指的動(dòng)作可能是一個(gè)或一連串的。rapid還用來(lái)指水流急速。

　　The winning car reached a speed of forty miles——much faster than any of its rivals.

　　獲勝的那輛車的時(shí)速達(dá)到40英里——比它的任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者要快得多。

　　…they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. 他們迅速地把醉漢拖到安全處。

　　It is a rapid river. 那是一條湍急的河流。

　　catch a cold ,have a cold

　　這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)均可作“感冒”解，但具體運(yùn)用時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。

　　l)catch a cold強(qiáng)調(diào)“感冒”的行為，have a cold表示“感冒”持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。

　　Yesterday he caught a cold. 昨天他患了感冒。

　　He has a bad cold now. 他現(xiàn)在感冒了。

　　2)catch a cold不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，而have a cold of可以。

　　3)catch a cold中的a可以省略，但cold前有形容詞修飾時(shí)則不能省略；have a cold中的a不能省，在口語(yǔ)中它等于have got a cold.

　　Put on more clothes or you'll catch (a) cold. 多穿點(diǎn)衣服，要不然會(huì)感冒的。

　　She has had a cold for two weeks. 她感冒兩周了。

　　keep on doing ,keep doing

　　l) keep on doing相當(dāng)于go on doing, 指動(dòng)作、行為有間歇之后繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，也指長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持某事。

　　After a rest, she kept on working. 休息之后，她繼續(xù)工作。

　　He kept on asking the same question. 她老是問(wèn)著同一個(gè)問(wèn)題。

　　2) keep doing指動(dòng)作不間斷地繼續(xù)著。如：

　　It kept raining the whole night. 雨不停地下了一整夜。

　　3)keep on doing 與 keep doing 二者可以換用；一般都不接表示靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的詞，如

　　standing; sitting, lying, sleeping等。如：

　　Why do they keep (on) laughing all the time? 他們?yōu)槭裁蠢鲜切�個(gè)不停?

　　I've learned about 1,000 words, but I keep (on) forgetting some of them. 我大約學(xué)了1000個(gè)單詞，可有些單詞老是記不住。

　　advice，advise

　　均可表示“建議、勸告”之意 ，其區(qū)別是：

　　l)advice為不可數(shù)名詞，無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式，不能與定冠詞連用。請(qǐng)記住下列結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　a piece of advice 一條建議   two pieces of advice  兩條建議

　　some advice 一些建議       follow/take one's advice 聽(tīng)從某人勸告

　　give sb. some advice on sth./give sb. advice on doing sth./ give sb. advice on how to do sth. 就… …給某人提建議

　　2)advise是動(dòng)詞，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：

　　advise +名詞/代詞

　　advise sb. to do sth.     advise+ that+ sb. + (should) do sth.

　　He advised you to give up smoking.他勸你把煙戒了。

　　I advised she (should) study English well.我勸她把英語(yǔ)學(xué)好。

　　cut down, cut up

　　cut down可用來(lái)表示“砍倒”；“減少”；“降低”；“縮短”。如：

　　The boy cut down the young tree with an axe. 那小孩斧子砍倒了小樹(shù)。

　　cut up可用來(lái)表示“切碎”。如：

　　The man first cut the tree down and then cut it up. 那人先把樹(shù)砍倒，然后把它劈成碎片。

　　force, make

　　force與make 都有“迫使”的意思，但在意義上和用法上有所區(qū)別。

　　force含有暴力威脅之意，其結(jié)構(gòu)是force+名詞+to do sth.

　　The policemen forced the boys to stop fighting.警察們迫使男孩子們停止打斗。

　　He was forced to give up and put in prison. 他被迫投降并被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。

　　make用法比較廣泛，它所表示的強(qiáng)迫意義有時(shí)不如force強(qiáng)，常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)make sb do sth.

　　What makes you think so? 你怎么會(huì)這樣想呢?   

　　The children were made to keep their room clean and tidy. 要求孩子們保持房間的干凈和整潔。

課文重點(diǎn)分析

　　He received his doctor’s degree in April 1841.他在1841年4月獲得了博士學(xué)位。

　　句中的doctor是博士，這是大學(xué)授予的最高學(xué)位，學(xué)位（degree）分三種：

　　學(xué)士：Bachelor of Arts (B.A) 文學(xué)士        Bachelor of Science (B. Sc)理學(xué)士

　　碩士：Master of Arts (M. A)文學(xué)碩士        Master of Science (M. Sc)理學(xué)碩士

　　博士：Doctor of laws 法學(xué)博士             Doctor of philosophy博士

　　Doctor of medicine 醫(yī)學(xué)博士

　　However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about two things.

　　1)go on to do和go on doing

　　都是繼續(xù)做某事,前者是做完一件事之后，接下來(lái)做另一件事，而后者則是繼續(xù)做同一件事。

　　After I finished my English,1 went on to do Chinese.做完英語(yǔ)作業(yè)之后，我接著做語(yǔ)文作業(yè)。

　　It was raining, but the farmers went on working in the field.天下著雨，但農(nóng)民們?nèi)岳^續(xù)在地里干活。

　　2)be sure about/of sth. 或 be sure that…“對(duì)……有把握”

　　I want to buy a pair of shoes for my brother, but I’m not sure about his size. 我想給弟弟買(mǎi)雙鞋，但不清楚他穿多大號(hào)的。

　　Are you sure that you locked the door?你肯定鎖門(mén)了嗎？

　　注：be sure 后面還可跟whether, where等引導(dǎo)的從句。

　　I am not sure whether they could come or not.我不能肯定他們是否能來(lái)。

　　John was sure where he left his watch.約翰確信他把手表放在那里了。

　　另外：be sure to do sth. 表示務(wù)必做某事

　　Be sure to turn off the gas before you leave the room. 你走之前務(wù)必把煤氣關(guān)好。

　　….his English in one of those articles was so good that Engels praised him for it.他的英語(yǔ)在一篇文章里非常好，因此恩格斯表?yè)P(yáng)了他。

　　A: so + adj. / adv. +that

　　B: so + adj. +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that

　　C: such + a + adj. +不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+that

　　D: such + adj. +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+that

　　E: such + adj. +不可數(shù)名詞+that

　　練習(xí)：用so, such, such a填空：

　　(1)She speaks ________fast that I can't follow him.

　　(2)The film is ________ good that I want to see it again.

　　(3)It is ________ good film that I want to see it again.

　　(4)They are ________rare (稀少的) animals that only a few people have seen them in the world.

　　(5)He brought us _____ surprising news that all of us were shocked（震驚）。

　　(6)She is ________ beautiful a girl that we all like her very much.

Key:　(1)so (2)so (3)such a (4)such (5)such (6)so

注：當(dāng)名詞前的修飾詞是many, much, little, few 時(shí)，應(yīng)將such改成so,　如：

　　(1) There are so many books that I hardly know which one to be chosen.

　　(2) There is so much noise that I cannot hear what she is talking about.

　　praise sb. for…由于……表?yè)P(yáng)某人。類似的說(shuō)法還有：

　　Thank you for your help.

　　I'm sorry for my rudeness（粗魯）.

　　Excuse me for my being late.

　　You must apologize (道歉) for what you have said.

　　Yang Mei is having a talk with her teacher Sara about learning English.楊梅正就英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題和她的老師薩拉談話。

　　有關(guān)have的習(xí)語(yǔ)：

　　“have +賓語(yǔ)”常用來(lái)表示一個(gè)短時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。不能將have簡(jiǎn)單地理解為“有”。它和一些詞語(yǔ)搭配，表現(xiàn)了英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法的一些意思——它可表示eat, drink, take. to. enjoy等，其意義視后面所跟名詞而定。如：

　　have breakfast (lunch, supper) 吃早（中、晚）飯

　　have a lesson 上一堂課     have a song 唱一支歌

　　have a look 看一看         have a talk 談一談

　　have a drink 喝一杯        have a joke 開(kāi)個(gè)玩笑

　　have a rest 休息一下       have a walk 散散步

　　have a ride 騎馬           have a swim 游泳

　　have a wash 洗臉（澡）    have a meeting 開(kāi)會(huì)

　　have a party 舉行一次聚會(huì)  have a test 測(cè)試

　　have an accident 出事故    have a letter 收到一封信

　　have a cold 患感冒        have a headache 患頭痛

　　have a baby 生小孩        have a fire 生火

　　have a cold wet day 天氣又冷又溫

　　have a good holiday 度過(guò)愉快的假日

　　have a problem with→find…difficult 在…方面遇到困難

　　My grammar is improving, but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn. 我的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)在提高，但是我覺(jué)得習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和有用詞語(yǔ)很難學(xué)。

　　1)improve在此作不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“改進(jìn)；提高”。如：

　　He is improving in health. 他的身體在好轉(zhuǎn)。

　　2)find在此意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)；覺(jué)得”，后面跟的是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，即“find + sb. / sth. +adj +不定式”，idioms and useful expressions是賓語(yǔ)，hard to learn是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：

　　Do you find “Radio English on Sunday” easy to understand? 你覺(jué)得“星期日廣播英語(yǔ)”容易聽(tīng)懂嗎?

　　a. 名詞/代詞十形容詞。如：

　　I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.我發(fā)現(xiàn)習(xí)語(yǔ)和慣用法很難學(xué)。

　　I find listening really hard.我發(fā)現(xiàn)聽(tīng)真是很難。

　　有時(shí)將形式賓語(yǔ)it放在賓語(yǔ)的位置，而將真正賓語(yǔ)(不定式或從句)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(形容詞)之后。如：

　　Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國(guó)形勢(shì)很重要。

　　b. 名詞，代詞十名詞。如：

　　They found it the necklace they had been looking for.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是他們一直在尋找的項(xiàng)鏈。

　　You'll find a knowledge of English a must in international trade today.你將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)懂英語(yǔ)在今天的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中是必要的。

　　c. 名詞/代詞上副詞。如：

　　We found him in/out.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他在家(不在家)。

　　d. 名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)。如:

　　When we arrived, we found him in bed. 我們到達(dá)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)他在床上。

　　e. 名詞/代詞+v-ing形式。如：

　　We have found him waiting to receive us. 我們已發(fā)現(xiàn)他在等著接待我們。

　　f. 名詞/代詞十過(guò)去分詞。如，

　　She found the letter gone. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)信不見(jiàn)了。

　　g. 名詞/代詞+不定式to be短語(yǔ)。如：

　　He found himself (to do) in a dark forest. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在黑暗的森林里。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　區(qū)別：

　　1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)；

　　He went home yesterday. 他昨天回家了。

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前己完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，常與by，before等表示過(guò)去的介詞短語(yǔ)連用。強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：

　　He had gone home when I got to his office.  當(dāng)我到他的辦公室時(shí)，他早已回家了

　　By the end of last term-we had learnt about 1,500 English words. 到上期期末，我們已學(xué)了大約1500個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。

　　2)在連詞before，after引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于連詞本身的意義已經(jīng)說(shuō)明主句和從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作先后發(fā)生的關(guān)系，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，有時(shí)也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成。如：

　　After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到英國(guó)后，他努力學(xué)習(xí)以提高英語(yǔ)水平。   

　　He went on watching TV, after his father (had) left. 他父親走后，他繼續(xù)看電視。

　　Marx (had) learnt some English before he got to England. 馬克思到英國(guó)之前就學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。

 

Lesson 81教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)方案

Teaching Aims

　　1. Learn some useful words about English lesson:

　　idiom, expression, listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation.

　　2. Study the language points concerned with the dialogue.

Step 1Presentation

　　Find out the idioms in the dialogue. ( have a cold, catch a cold. cut down, cut up)

Step 2 Listening

　　Listen to the tape and then answer the questions in Workbook Lesson, 81, Part 1.

Step 3 Language points

　　Go through the dialogue briefly and deal with the language points.

Step 4 Oral practise

　　Scene1: Make a dialogue and give some advise(in pairs)

　　Someone has a lot of difficulty in spelling, he just can’t spell the words correctly . Sometimes he adds some letters, other times he misses some letters. He always makes mistakes in spelling and he is very worried.

　　Scene2: Make a dialogue and give some suggestions(group work)

　　Someone has a lot of difficulty in pronunciation. Though she tries hard, she just can not pronounce the words correctly. She knows that the teacher on the tape does not read English in the way she does, but she does not know how to improve her pronunciation.

Step 5 Workbook

　　Do the exercises in Workbook Lesson 81.

Step 6 Homework

　　Preparation the Lesson 82.

 

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